BIO 253 EXAM 2 LATEST 2023-2024 ACTUAL EXAM 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES |AGRADE

What is the pathway for hearing - ....ANSWER...Pinna, external auditory meatus,
tympanic membrane, bone ossicle, oval window, scala vestibuli, helicotrema, scala
tympani, spiral organ, hair cells, cochlear nerve, auditory cortex
Mechanoreceptors different types and what is it for - ....ANSWER...Touch and pressure
Vicero mechanoreceptors (eating and digestion and kidney filtration)
Hair cells in the ear absorb sound waves
Chemoreceptors - ....ANSWER...Taste
Viseral chemo receptors - ....ANSWER...Homeostasis that checks level such as
hydrogen oxygen sodium levels
Thermoreceptors - ....ANSWER...respond to changes in temperature adapts
Nocireceptors - ....ANSWER...pain receptors
Do not adapt
Proprioceptors - ....ANSWER...monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles
and joints
Photoreceptors - ....ANSWER...respond to light
What plexus does the phrenic nerve belong to - ....ANSWER...Cervical plexus
What plexus does the radial and median and ulnar nerves belong to -
....ANSWER...Brachial plexus
What plexus does the sciatic nerve belong to - ....ANSWER...Lumbosacral plexus
What is a plexus - ....ANSWER...A safeguard or alternate pathway such as if somebody
is injured in their sign they may be able to walk again due to a plexus
What cranial nerves control eye movement - ....ANSWER...Trochler
Occulomotor
Abducens
What is the vagus nerve - ....ANSWER...The longest running cranial nerve
What does the facial nerve also involve with - ....ANSWER...Taste
What kind of nerves are spinal nerves - ....ANSWER...Mixed
What is the frontal lobe responsible for - ....ANSWER...Voluntary movements
What is the parietal lobe responsible for - ....ANSWER...Somatic sensory input
External stimulus
Touch
One of the occipital lobe for - ....ANSWER...Vision
What is the temporal lobe for - ....ANSWER...Hearing
What is the brain stem made of - ....ANSWER...Medulla (controls heart rate)
Pons (respiratory)
Midbrain
Layers of the meninges - ....ANSWER...Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater
Where is the cerebrospinal fluid located - ....ANSWER...subarachnoid space (in
between arachnoid and pia mater)
How many neurons does it take for the somatic motor pathway - ....ANSWER...One
How many neurons does it take for the automatic motor pathway - ....ANSWER...2
Preganglionic what does it use to stimulate postganglionic - ....ANSWER...Acetylcholine
What is the optic disc missing that causes the blind spot - ....ANSWER...Photoreceptors
What stimulates skeletal muscle - ....ANSWER...Acetylcholine also it is not sympathetic
or parasympathetic
What does the postganglionic have - ....ANSWER...Norepinephrine or epinephrine
What does a central nervous system consists of - ....ANSWER...Brain and spinal cord
What is the function of the CNS - ....ANSWER...Integrated control center
What does a pns consist of - ....ANSWER...Cranial and spinal nerves
What is the function of the pns - ....ANSWER...Communication lines between CNS and
the rest of the body
What sends impulses to The pns - ....ANSWER...Sensory division (afferent)
What sends impulses from CNS to effector (muscles or glands) -
....ANSWER......efferent
Autonomic nervous system - ....ANSWER...Involuntary (viseral motor)
Conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles smooth muscles and glands
Somatic nervous system - ....ANSWER...Voluntary
Conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle
Local potential (receptor potential) what does it do - ....ANSWER...Stimulates gated
sodium ion channel
What do you need to do for stimulated gates to open - ....ANSWER...Cell needs to
reach threshold
Can you simulate neuron during absolute refractory period or hyperpolarization -
....ANSWER...No
Can you simulate neuron during relative refractory time - ....ANSWER...Yes but you
need a powerful stimulus
Refractory period - ....ANSWER...During depolarization sodium ions go inside
During repolarization potassium leaves
Hyperpolarization needs to be fixed by an exchange and ions so it can rest
What is a cell like at rest - ....ANSWER...Sodium on the outside and potassium inside
Layers of the external ear - ....ANSWER...Auricle or pinna